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Open Access Research Article

Evaluation of Irrigation Frequency and Selenium Fertilization Impacts on the Nutritional Traits of Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina

Khalid A Abdoun1*, Osman A Altahir2, Ahmed A Alsagan3, Mohammed Y Alsaiady4, Elfadil E Babiker5, Ali M Alshaikhi1, Faisal A Alshamiry1 and Ahmed A Al-Haidary1

1Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

2Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Biostatistics Department

3King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

4Development and Research Unit, Arabian Agricultural Services Company (ARASCO), Riyadh 12311, Saudi Arabia

5Department of Food and Nutrition Science, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding Author

Received Date:October 18, 2023;  Published Date:October 30, 2023

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the combined effect of irrigation frequency and selenium (Se) fertilizer levels on the chemical composition of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) and Moringa peregrina (M. peregrina), with the ultimate goal of incorporating M. oleifera and M. peregrina in livestock feed. The combined effect of irrigation frequency and selenium (Se) fertilizer levels were studied in a completely randomized split plot design. The experiment included two plant species (M. oleifera and M. peregrina), four irrigation frequencies (7, 10, 15, and 20 days), and three Se levels (0.0, 12.5 and 25 mg/L). The results of the study indicated that the irrigation frequency and the foliar spray with organic aminoselenium fertilizer affected (p < 0.05) proximate analysis (crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and ash contents), as well as the minerals contents (P, Ca, Mg and Se) of the dried leaves and upper fine stems of M. oleifera and M. peregrina in the different cutting periods. The effect of organic amino selenium fertilizer application and irrigation frequency on all studied traits allowed the classification of M. oleifera and M. peregrina vegetative plant parts as suitable for livestock feeding. Selenium foliar spray can be considered as a safe method to increase the selenium content of both M. oleifera and M. peregrina vegetative parts, which may contribute to increase the functional feeding quality of these plants.

Keywords:Moringa; Water conservation; Foliar spray; Nutrients content

Introduction

Livestock production in arid and semi-arid zones of the world is facing great difficulties, mainly due to the fact that most of the natural range areas have poor forage plants with low nutritional value, especially in regard to digestibility and crude protein content. Feed production also decreases dramatically during the dry seasons at rates of up to 80%. To counter these problems, it has been proposed to include tree species with high nutritional value in the animal diet and thus improving production standards in the animals’ production sector [1]. When range plants are capable of easily releasing their nutrients contents, they can cheaply enhance grazing animals’ performance [2–4]. The intake of forage plants by herbivores slows down the digestion process and thus allows sufficient time for the digestion and absorption of the forage nutritional components, and consequently good body growth rates. The productivity of herbivorous animals such as sheep and poultry can be improved by using high-protein feeds. Among the alternative sources of high-protein feed are Moringa plant species.

Generally, Moringa tolerates various environmental stresses such as soil acidity [5–7], ambient temperatures (-1 - 48 °C), as well as prolonged drought periods [8], which makes it suitable for cultivation in the stressed environments prevailing in the dry regions of the world. As a forage, it has excellent ability for regrowth after repeated cuttings [9] and produces high amounts of biomass [10]. All parts of the Moringa tree can be used as a source of forage, making it one of the most important shrubs or pasture trees that spreads throughout the tropics [11–13].

Moringa plant species are characterized by their nutritional value, particularly their leaves. Moringa leaves are an excellent source of minerals, vitamins and protein which ranges between 19 - 35% dry matter [14,15]. It is worth mentioning that protein represents the most important nutrients component in animal feeds [16], as well as the most expensive ingredient [17]. The amino acid content of Moringa leaves is comparable to that of soybean [18,19], with a digestibility of 79.2% [20]. Nineteen amino acids have been reported in Moringa leaves, of which 10 amino acids are essential for animal nutrition. Lysine and methionine as essential amino acids are present at a level of 19.6 and 2.9 mg/g DM, respectively [21]. In addition, Moringa leaves contain 321 - 521 g /kg DM neutral detergent fiber, 224 - 361 g/ kg DM acid detergent fiber [22], 2.27 - 2.98 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg DM, and 79% dry matter digestibility in vitro [10,23]. Moringa leaves also contain very high levels of vitamins A (6.8 mg/kg DM), B (423 mg/kg DM) and C (220 mg/kg DM), as well as 0.6 -11.2% minerals [24], 1.28 - 4.96% fats [25], and high levels of flavonoids as antioxidants [26]. The chemical composition and digestibility of Moringa plant species vary in accordance with geographical regions, type of soil, type and level of applied fertilizer, and cutting frequency [27,28].

Moringa plant species in dry and arid regions are irrigated for the first two months for the establishment of the plants, thereafter they rarely require watering [29]. The tree with a good root system tolerates drought and needs watering only when wilting symptoms are clear. However, information regarding irrigation methods and water requirements of M. oleifera and M. peregrina in relation to the chemical composition of their leaves and upper stems parts is scary

Selenium is an essential plant micronutrient that has been shown to enhance plant growth and development as well as contributing to plant tolerance to environmental stresses [30–33]. Selenium has been detected in all living organisms and has a significant effect on plants and animals’ health [30]. Selenium can be absorbed by plants in selenate (SeO4), selenite (SeO3) or organic forms [32]. However, Se accumulation in plants depends on the form and concentration of Se, as well as the availability of competing ions [33]. Foliar application of Se has been practiced increasing Se content in different plant species [34].

To our knowledge, no information so far is available about the effect of irrigation frequencies, levels of selenium fertilizer, and cutting intervals on the chemical composition of M. oleifera and M. peregrina. Therefore, to bridge this knowledge gab, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of irrigation frequencies, selenium fertilizer levels and cutting periods on the chemical composition and the nutritional value of M. oleifera and M. peregrina, and to test the hypothesis that the nutritional value of both M. oleifera and M. peregrina could vary pending on the irrigation frequency, Se fertilizer level and cutting periods.

Materials and Methods

The present study was conducted during summer season 2021 at Al-Badraniya Farm located in Al-Ghat town, Central region of Saudi Arabia (26°1′36″N 44°57′39″E). The central region’s climate is characterized by hot summers, cold winters, and scarce rainfall during winter and spring. The study was conducted as split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments applied in the study included two plant species (M. oleifera and M. peregrina), four irrigation periods (7, 10, 15, and 20 days), and three Se fertilizer levels (0.0, 12.5 and 25 mg/L). The selenium treatments were done by foliar spray of organic amino selenium fertilizer 2.5% (Organic Standards Fertilizer Production Company, Riyadh, KSA). Each replicate was divided into two main plots, which were assigned to the two Moringa species (M. oleifera and M. peregrina). Each main plot was divided into four subplots for the four irrigation frequencies, while each subplot was divided into three sub-subplots for the three Se fertilizer treatments. Each subplot consisted of four (6m in length) furrows. The distance between the furrows is 25cm, with 20 cm between plants within each furrow. An implanted space was left between adjacent sub-subplots. Also, there was a two meters’ distance between neighboring subplots as buffer zones to prevent the horizontal seepage of water between the different subplots.

Hundred kg of triple superphosphate, 50kg of potassium sulfate and 200kg urea per ha were added to the soil. The triple superphosphate and the potassium sulfate as well as half of the urea were applied at sowing, and the other half of the urea was applied in equal amounts after the first and second plant cuts at the peak of the vegetative growth stage.

Experimental treatments (Moringa species, irrigation frequencies, selenium levels) were randomly distributed over the three replicates. The seeds of the two Moringa species were sown during the first week of March 2021 and irrigated using drip irrigation until the plants’ establishment stage (three weeks), thereafter the plants were irrigated according to the studied irrigation frequencies. The Se treatments were applied as foliar spray early in the morning.

A sample of 100g fresh leaves and upper fine stems was harvested from each treatment, oven dried at 65 °C, then ground by a grinding machine to pass through a 20-mesh sieve. The ground plant materials were stored in paper bags and placed in a desiccator to determine their chemical composition. The second and third cuts were performed at 45 days’ intervals from the preceding cut, and the same procedures were followed for samples collection and treatment. The crude protein (CP), fat (EE), ash and crude fiber (CF) contents were estimated by the methods described in AOAC [35].

The mineral contents of the leaves and the upper fine stems samples of both Moringa species: calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were estimated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Phosphorous (P) was determined chromatically. Selenium was determined according to the method of Pedrorero et al. [36] using an ICP-MS device (Pasma Quant MS Elite, Germany). All analyzes were performed in duplicate.

Statistical analyses. The chemical composition of Moringa species was subjected to one-way analysis of variance. (ANOVA) according to the general linear model (GLM) using the SPSS 20.0 statistical software. In case of significant differences between the treatments means, Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level of significance was used to compare the treatments means.

Results and Discussion

The drip irrigation frequency had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the proximate composition of dried leaves and upper fine stems of M. oleifera and M. peregrina (Table 1). The proximate composition ofM. oleifera and M. peregrina indicated significant differences between the two Moringa species with respect to all the studied traits (Table 1). The highest percentages for all studied traits were recorded in M. oleifera in the third cut with drip irrigation frequency every 20 days, and the lowest percentages were recorded in M. peregrina especially in the first cut with drip irrigation frequency every 7 days. Regardless of the cutting period and irrigation regimes, M. oleifera recorded the highest values of all studied traits.

Table 1:The effect of irrigation frequency (days) on the proximate composition of M. oleifera and M. peregrina dried leaves and upper fine stems at different cutting periods.

irispublishers-openaccess-agriculture-soil-science

*Means within the same column for each trait with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05.

The CP percentages ranged from 17.8 to 24.1% in M. oleifera and from 16.3 to 18.5% in M. peregrina, which were similar to those reported by Abul-Ezz et al. [37] and Offor et al. [38]. However, the CP values were lower than those recorded by Kakengi el al. [39] and Olugbemi et al. [23], and higher than those reported by Amabye and Gebrihiwot [40]. The fat percentages ranged from 1.2 to 3.2% in M. oleifera and from 1.0 to 2.9% in M. peregrina which was lower that reported in Nigeria [38]. Differences in fat content could be attributed to the plant genotype, climatic conditions and the cutting stage [41]. The ash percentages ranged from 5.3 to 6.8% in M. oleifera and from 4.3 to 6.0% in M. peregrina. The here in reported ash contents of Moringa leaves were higher than those recorded in Nigeria [21]. The crude fiber percentages ranged from 7.2 to 11.0% in M. oleifera and from 6.4 to 10.3% in M. peregrina. These values are lower than those reported by Offor et al. [38], but similar to those reported by Moyo et al. [21] and Melesse [42].

The cutting periods had positive impacts on the nutritional quality of the leaves of both M. oleifera and M. peregrina. The chemical composition was generally higher in each cutting period as compared to the previous one. The results obtained in this study contradict those reported by Nouman et al. [43] and Sánchez et al. [44] who recorded no significant changes in the chemical composition of Moringa leaves due to cutting periods. Differences in nutrient values observed in this study as compared with those of previous studies may be due to genotypic as well as the environmental differences [45,46].

Table 2 presents the approximate composition of dried M. oleifera and M. peregrina leaves and fine upper branches at different cutting periods. The studied traits included CP, fat, ash and CF. Application of selenium fertilizer increased (P < 0.05) the contents of the studied traits in both M. oleifera and M. peregrina as compared to the control. Plants that received Se fertilizer at the level of 25 mg/L recorded the highest significant values for all studied traits in all plant cutting periods (Table 2). The lowest contents of all studied traits were recorded in M. peregrina as compared to M. oleifera regardless of the Se level or the cutting period (Table 2). Several studies have indicated the beneficial effects of Se at low concentrations on the growth rate of higher plants [47–50], and in increasing plant resistance against oxidative stress [51–53]. Furthermore, Se increased the net assimilation rate of soluble sugars and enhanced protein synthesis [48,54].

Table 2:The effect of selenium fertilization (mg/L) on proximate compositions of M. oleifera and M. peregrina dried leaves and upper fine stems at different cutting periods.

irispublishers-openaccess-agriculture-soil-science

*Means within the same column for each trait with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05.

The mineral content of the leaves and the upper fine stems of M. oleifera and M. peregrina are shown in Table 3. Statistical analyzes showed differences (P < 0.05) in mineral contents of the two species due to the effects of drip irrigation frequency and cutting periods. It was clearly observed that on the basis of the means of each of the three cutting periods, the content of P, Ca, Mg and Se in the dry leaves and fine stems were highest when the two Moringa plant species were drip irrigated every 20 days. The contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Se were higher in the third cut than the two other cutting periods (Table 3). The minerals (P, Ca, Mg and Se) contents of the dry leaves and upper fine stems were the highest in the third cut under 20 days’ drip irrigation frequency for both M. oleifera and M. peregrina (Table 3). In general, the lowest minerals contents were recorded in plants subjected to 7 days’ drip irrigation frequency, and the mineral contents were lower in M. peregrina compared to M. oleifera regardless of the cutting period (Table 3). The herein obtained results support the findings of the previous reports [55–57].

Table 3:The effect of irrigation frequency (days) on the mineral contents of M. oleifera and M. peregrina dried leaves and upper fine stems at different cutting periods.

irispublishers-openaccess-agriculture-soil-science

*Means within the same column for each trait with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05.

The P, Ca, Mg and Se contents in the leaves and the upper fine stems of both M. oleifera and M. peregrina in the control samples were lower (P < 0.05) compared to the samples treated with Se fertilizer (12.5 and 25 mg Se/L) foliar spray (Table 4). Both Se fertilizer levels and the cutting stage affected (p < 0.05) the contents of P, Ca, Mg and Se in M. oleifera and M. peregrina (Table 4). In all cases, the leaves and upper fine stems samples of M. oleifera that sprayed with Se fertilizer had higher minerals contents compared to M. peregrina (Table 4). The highest P, Ca, Mg and Se contents due to Se fertilizer application were recorded in the third cut for both plant species.

The results of the current study indicate that there are no negative effects of selenium fertilization on the mineral contents of M. oleifera and M. peregrina. This is consensus with the findings of other studies, which included different fertilization methods and selenium levels [58–60]. The present study has proven that selenium promoted plant growth and didn’t cause any negative impact on the studied minerals contents in the two Moringa species that can pose threats to humans or animals health. The herein reported selenium content in the upper vegetative parts of both Moringa species were within the safe “not toxic” ranges [61,62]. Thus, it can be concluded that the bio fortification process for both M. oleifera and M. peregrina was successfully completed and the target safe levels were obtained.

Table 4:The effect of selenium fertilization (mg/L) on the mineral contents of M. oleifera and M. peregrina leaves and upper fine stems at different cutting periods.

irispublishers-openaccess-agriculture-soil-science

*Means within the same column for each trait with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05.

Conclusion

The results of the current study indicated that the most effective method for both irrigation and application of Se fertilizer was the irrigation frequency every 20 days, and the foliar spray of Se fertilizer at the maximum vegetative growth of the plants. The highest concentrations of all studied traits were observed in the dry leaves and upper fine stems at drip irrigation frequency of 20 days for both M. oleifera and M. peregrina in the third cutting period. Foliar spraying of Se fertilizer can be considered as a safe method to increase the Se content in M. oleifera and M. peregrina , which may contribute to increasing their nutritional value for livestock farming.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data curation and formal analysis Elfadil Babiker, Ali Ashaikhi and Faisal Alshamiry; funding acquisition Osman Altahir, Ahmed Alsagan, Khalid Abdoun and Mohammed Alsaiadi; investigation Mohammed Alsaiadi, Ahmed Al-Haidary. and Ali Ashaikhi; methodology Elfadil Babiker, Ali Ashaikhi and Faisal Alshamiry; project administration Ahmed Al-Haidary; supervision, Mohammed Alsaiadi and Ahmed Al-Haidary; validation, Osman altahir, Ahmed Alsagan and Khalid Abdoun; writing - review and editing, Osman altahir, Ahmed Alsagan and Khalid Abdoun. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their sincere gratitude to Organic Standard Company LLC, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for providing the fertilizer “Amino Selenium 2.5” that used in this research.

Funding

This Project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number 3-17-07-001-0006.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Article Details
Citation

  • Khalid A Abdoun*, Osman A Altahir, Ahmed A Alsagan, Mohammed Y Alsaiady, Elfadil E Babiker, et al. Evaluation of Irrigation Frequency and Selenium Fertilization Impacts on the Nutritional Traits of Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina. World J Agri & Soil Sci. 9(1): 2023. WJASS.MS.ID.000704.

Keywords

  • Moringa, Water conservation, Foliar spray, Nutrients content

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