Relationship between Aerobic Exercise and S-Klotho in Aging

Aging causes structural and functional decrements in skeletal muscles (sarcopenia), bone mineral density, cardiovascular and oxygen uptake. Progress of many cardiovascular diseases as atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension with aging. This points out that aging should be seen as a risk factor. This is causes an imbalance between vasodilator-vasoconstriction substances ratio formed by the endothelium resulting in a significant reduction in nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide decrement causes some anomalies in blood artery function along, with an increase in oxidative stress molecules production, which in turn increase production of ROS and nitrogen species. Secreted klotho regulates nitric oxide production which in turn benefits endothelial function: membrane klotho acts through (FGF)-23, while secreted klotho regulates nitric oxide produced in the endothelium. Exercise inactivity accelerates aging and its consequences, it is suggested as a major reason for increased disease and mortality. In recent years however, there are enough studies about the effect of aerobic exercise on blood circulating s-Klotho. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the response of circulating s-klotho depends on aerobic fitness level: values of s-Klotho were significantly higher in trained individuals compared to untrained once, suggesting that aerobic exercise training is a suitable model for mechanistically probing the role of physical activity on s-Klotho expression. In conclusions, the present review suggests that aerobic exercise delays aging process by increase Klotho gene expression, which in turn, reduces ROS damages to the cell. The relationships between the circulating s-Klotho levels a potential anti-aging factor and aerobic exercise are beneficial to physically active aged individuals. Endothelial dysfunction improvement depends on increased circulating s-klotho levels through aerobic exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss factors such as, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the progress of endothelial dysfunction due to the aging process, with impacts related to, s-Klotho and aerobic exercise on the endothelial dysfunction process.

Keywords: Nitric oxide; Arteriosclerosis; Hypertension; Apoptosis; Oxidative stress; FGF23