Integration Factor Construction to Improving Aesthetic, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Double Layer Woven Fabrics by Denting and Stitches Systems

The potential of denting reed systems in textiles design, through denting is one of the most widely used of fabrics design in the world. Reed is the active ingredient is a global commodity with annual machinery of textile production. The denting and stitches systems are critical in determining the quality multi-layer for garments clothing, upholstery and geotextiles are designed throw integration factor construction (IFC) are differentiated the system of reed denting; the decrease in the (IFC) means that the open porosity for double-layer fabrics increases and at the same time the air permeability also increases [1-3]. Bending stiffness is a property of fabrics that can influence fabric drape and therefore the aesthetic characteristics of garments and clothing comfort as well [4].

The numerous investigations proved that the properties of bending, creasing and draping ability are all related to the factors of fabric structure [5]. Tested and analyzed some cotton, wool, silk and man-made fabrics and they concluded that the bending, creasing and draping are correlated to fabric type. Dr. Jing [6] has analyzed the structures of lightweight worsted fabrics. It has been investigated some characteristics of worsted fabric such as wrinkle resistance, blend resistance, drapeability and air permeability. Using the gray interrelation theory to deal with the data of structure parameters and wearing characteristics target and analyzed the relationship between the wearing fabric characteristics and structure parameters. Also, drapeability was evaluated on the basis of drape coefficient, number of folds and maximum and minimum amplitude [7]. The results have shown that there is a great influence of material type and yarn structure on fabric rigidity.

Methods of stitching

Multi-layer woven fabric consists of at least two layers which are woven one above the other and stitched together. Double woven fabric contains two systems of warp, face and back, and two systems of weft. The fabric can be called either two-ply fabric or double fabric [8]. In this way, the aim if this paper is to further investigate the influence of integration factor construction to improving aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties of double layer woven fabrics by denting and stitches systems. Textile structure is in this case usually represented by its porosity. A number of theoretical and experimental methods exist for the determination of porosity. Every method includes some simplifying assumptions which cause inaccuracy. Generally, the porosity indicates how much air contains a textile material with a given warp-ends density distribution. Further details about the array of pores in textiles, such as the pore size, shape, and arrangement are very important for the description of physical properties of multi-layer woven fabrics [2,3,9,10] and the air flow through textile materials. The subjects of this research are:

a. To study the integration factor construction models of multi-layer woven fabrics considering the flow interaction between denting and thread distribution; this research modifies an existing three-dimensional model to include in it the simulation capabilities, and to verify this model with the fabrication of structural composites.

b. To characterize the eight-harness fabric (for use in processing) by the stitches systems, the thread distribution in the multi-layer woven fabric, physical and mechanical properties.

c. To use the model for analysis of the manufacturing process where this model should enable the user to design the best process for manufacturing aesthetic of high quality.

Experiments were carried out on woven fabrics, which were constructed according to the setting theory. The following yarns were used: combed warp yarns of 20.4 Tex for the upper fabric, 39.4 Tex for the lower fabric, and weft yarns of 39.4 Tex for the upper and lower fabrics, spun from 100% cotton staple fiber (Giza 70) on a ring spinning machine. The packing factor and the factor of thread flexibility were determined according to literature. The parameters of the woven fabric structure accepted by us are the weave factor and the fabric density. All variables used for determining the weave factor were collected (maximum densities, setting thread densities, actual thread densities and relative densities). All fabric samples were woven with shedding mechanism “Stauble” on weaving machine under equal technological conditions [3]. The two-layer woven fabrics (100% cotton) were designed and manufactured with variations in distribution of warp types as given in Table 1.

Table 1: Description of the experimental weaves.

In textiles mathematics, an integrating factor concretion (IFC) is a function that is chosen to facilitate the solving of a given equation involving differentials. It’s commonly used to solve ordinary differential equations but is also used within multivariable as elements construction in double-layer fabrics calculus when multiplying through by an integrating factor allows an inexact differential to be made into an exact differential for aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties, which can then be integrated to give a scalar field. This is especially useful in prediction of textiles properties such as thermodynamics where temperature becomes the integrating factor that makes entropy an exact differential as the following Figures (1-8).

Stitch weave is satin 6 wefts between the layers. Structure of textile changes by influence of denting system is possible classified as a horizontal increase of the porosity, removing of free yarn section. Yarn is interlaced very closely in a plain weave, in twill or satin weaves relative removing of yarns cause an increase of its porosity predominantly in a vertical direction. Flowing air cause a move of not interlaced parts of yarns-floats. In textiles depends on the length of floats. So, the horizontal increase of porosity can result in a considerable increase of aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties of double layer woven fabrics. The experimental study was carried out as a new approach to predict the parameters of integration factor construction by using a factor analysis based on the mathematical model developed by us. Physical and mechanical properties are an important material property which knowledge is required in various flow simulations while processing composites. This quantity is defined as the property of a stitch’s systems material, which characterizes the ease with which a fluid is forced to flow through the material under an applied pressure gradient. Both, the steady state and the impact mechanical properties measurement techniques were used in this work. The model higher standard was used as a process analysis tool. This enabled the user to determine such important process parameters as the location and type of injection ports, as well as the, physical and mechanical properties and location of the high- aesthetic textile products. A process for a three-stiffener composite panel was proposed by using a denting system as shown in Table 2 (B, C, D). This array evolved from the variation of the process parameters while modeling several different composite panels [3].

where: α – balance factor of woven construction; W – width of stripe (density); n – number of width stripes (density).

Then,

for a direct system, C – is the constant for material, (0.04126 for Tex); n – number of threads per inch; N – yarn count.

Calculate the integration factor construction in regular Red dents system with plain weave 1/1 for double-layer fabrics as 5:4 yarns:

First in 5 yarns (A).

Average (α ) for first in 5 yarns in double-layer fabrics (A):

Average (α ) for second area in 4 yarns (B). In double − layer fabrics :

So, the length of yarn (warp-weft) in equation (4 A, B), first the length of warp extends between two intersection in perfect repeat of woven construction. Integration factor construction is an important material property which knowledge is required in various flow simulations while processing composites. This quantity is defined as the aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties, which characterizes the ease with which a fluid is forced to flow through the material under an applied pressure gradient. Both, the denting and stitches systems state and the impact integration factor construction measurement techniques were used in this work. The model higher standard was used as a process analysis tool. This enabled the user to determine such important process parameters as the location and type of injection ports, as well as the mechanical properties and location of the highphysical textile products. a process for a three-stiffener composite panel was proposed by using a denting system as shown in Table 2 (B, C, D). This array evolved from the variation of the process parameters while modeling several different composite panels. The modeling strategy, which was presented, provides a unified approach towards an aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties and flow analysis of the textile reinforcement on a macro-scale of double layer woven fabrics. this approach allows a straightforward analysis of the reinforcement properties considering the variations in reinforcement denting and stitches systems, the aesthetic, physical properties, as well as also the material nonuniformity, as for example unbalanced crimp, deviations in the yarn cross sections area, and in spacing. An emphasis was made on the problem of resin flow through the reinforcement. a correlation relationship has been higher standard between the percentage of integration factor construction for double-layer fabrics and aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties, considering the use of the difference system of reed denting and stitches. We differentiated the system of reed denting by the ‘integration factor construction’ (IFC); the decrease in the (IFC) means that the open porosity for double-layer fabrics increases and at the same time the air permeability also increases. If IFC = 2.488 for a regular reed dents system with plain weave 1/1 in a double-layer fabric then open porosity for the double-layer fabric is 21.025 %, and the air permeability is 38 Ft3/cm2. So, if we use the difference system of reed denting at fabric code B1, with plain weave 1/1 for double-layer fabrics then we have: (A) 4 upper +2 lower: (B) 2 upper+1 lower with IFC = 2.0, and the open porosity for this double-layer fabric will raise up to 26.15 % with (42) air permeability Ft3/cm2. This approach allows us taking into account the stacking and forming of the layers, both in the flow and structural analyses. In the case of flow analysis, this allows us accurately to study the effect of a multi-layer reinforcement structure of nesting deformation etc. on Area space. The lattice method should be chosen for a numerical analysis of flow through the reinforcement. In our case a specially designed interface, serving as a geometrical pre-processor, allows us reading the geometrical data the calculations were tested against problems of flow in open and filled channels, and flow through a parallel array of tows. The results have shown a very good agreement with theoretical and existing numerical data. This provides a basis for numerical analysis of Area space of more complex structures such as woven fabrics. The difference between the computed permeability for the cases of permeable and not permeable systems is within the range of 20…30%. The calculation enables achieving realistic quantitative results with a wide interval of uncertainty caused by variations of nesting of the layers (uncontrolled in the experimental procedure).

Table 2: Specification of the denting system in reed [1].

The measurements of mechanical properties of double woven fabrics are summarized in Table 2. The results were further statistically assessed using the analysis of variance to define the significance of the constructional parameters (type of weave and the method of stitching) on the selected mechanical properties. The results clearly indicate that wrinkle recovery is not altered by weave or the method of stitching. The method of stitching has a statistically important effect only on fabric stiffness in back warps direction and tearing strength in warp direction.

The importance of type of weave is much more evident regarding the breaking strength, breaking elongation, tearing strength and fabric stiffness. The effect of weave on breaking strength is important only in warp direction. This is probably the consequence of the yarn fineness used. In warp direction, the face and back yarns had different fineness’s, while on the other hand the fineness of face and back weft was the same. So, when the yarn fineness of face and back fabric differs, the influence of weave becomes important. This well-known phenomenon arises from the fact that because of the crimp, the fabric strength is less than the strength of twisted yarns. If all other things are equal, plain weave fabrics which have the highest crimp will have the lowest strength. Our results show the following decreasing range of breaking strength with regard to the type of weave: twill-sateen-plain. Despite the fact that twill, sateen and hopsack weave all have the same number of thread passages in weave repeat of 6x6 threads, and so equal crimp, the breaking strength differs.

The objective of this study was to establish the dependencies between the integration factor construction of double layers woven fabrics, namely type of the method of stitching and denting, and aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties. The results of variance analysis clearly indicate that the denting and method of stitching doesn’t have a statistically important effect at a 95% confidence level on the above-mentioned mechanical properties, except for the tearing strength in warp direction and fabric stiffness. The influence of type of weave is much more evident regarding the mechanical properties. All the above-mentioned physical and mechanical properties are influenced by weave, except for wrinkle recovery. It is worth mentioning that all samples consisted of 100% cotton fabrics used for apparel and upholstery applications. The results of integration factor construction research could help the constructor in developing a new fabric construction with more appropriate properties [11].