Crafting Identity: Exploring the Traditional Arts of the Sabar Community in West Bengal

All things are created from small beginnings. Today’s modern society was born from the foundations laid by ancient cultures, so we must never forget the contributions of the past. Our society is gradually evolving, but certain classes have not progressed at the same rate. They struggle to keep pace with the rest of society. We are called ‘tribal’. The Sabar community is one of the most primitive tribal communities. They are found everywhere in India. The Sabar tribe lives mainly in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal. The Sabar people (also known as Shabar and Saora) are part of the Adivasi Munda ethnic group. During the British Raj, the Sabar tribe was classified as one of the ‘criminal tribes’ under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, and they still deal with social stigma and exclusion today. Also known as the Saora, this tribe is mentioned in the Hindu Mahabharata. Some parts of the East Singhbhum district, especially in Musabani, are known as Kariya. The renowned writer and activist Mahasweta Devi has worked closely with these forest-dwelling communities. They are very unaware of education so far; education is a time-wasting system, and nothing can be learned (that helps their livelihood) from it. Homemakers, hunters, woodcutters, and honey collectors are considered more valuable than those with an education. The Kheria Sabar were a nomadic people who depended on hunting birds and wild animals, as well as fishing. They also gathered honey, fruits, flowers, tubers, and other wild foods from the forests (Era_Ad, 2023). The culture of a location is a reflection of its social structure, beliefs, values, religious sentiments, and foundational philosophies.

India is a culturally diverse nation where different traditions coexist in harmony. Such differences in dialects, attire, and religious and social beliefs are a testament to India’s cultural diversity. Globally, India’s diversity is celebrated as a rich heritage, reflected in its diverse customs and practices. Every facet of Indian culture, including language, dance, and music, presents something different. Values of humanism, tolerance, harmony, and social bonding are strong in Indian customs. For example, these greetings like Namaskar and Namaskaaram demonstrate the significance of respect. In numerous areas, youth pay homage to their seniors by touching their feet as a gesture of respect. Furthermore, India’s food habits reveal significant ethnic and historical differences, further enriching its diverse cultural landscape (Karak & Gupta, 2024). This research aims to demonstrate that the Sabar people possess a wealth of indigenous knowledge, which enables them to live and act as a vital source of livelihood. The researcher gathered data by using semi-structured interviews and participant observation.

There are several reasons why this study of the Sabar community’s traditional arts and crafts in West Bengal is important. First and foremost, it wants to protect and record the community’s unique cultural heritage. As society changes and modernizes, the Sabar’s traditional crafts are at risk of disappearing. The research helps protect these crafts and ensure they are passed down to future generations by identifying and documenting them. Second, this study offers the Sabar community the opportunity to feel empowered by showcasing their traditional crafts and helping them take pride in their rich cultural heritage. By putting the spotlight on their work, the research could help artisans gain more recognition and discover new markets, ultimately improving their financial situation. This study will be crucial for preserving indigenous knowledge and sustainable craft practices. It will also provide us with helpful information for addressing today’s environmental challenges. Focusing on a marginalized group fills a significant gap in cultural anthropology and art studies, helping us learn more about Indigenous traditions. The results could also encourage cultural exchange and policies that protect traditional crafts. This study is important because it helps protect the Sabar community’s cultural heritage, supports their economic growth, and encourages more people to recognize and appreciate their unique arts and crafts.

Das, S. (2018).[1]. “Traditional Art Forms and Their Impact on Tribal Identity: A Study of the Sabar Community in West Bengal.” This study examines the traditional art forms of the Sabar community and discusses their significance in preserving tribal identity. It also discusses the challenges associated with modernization and examines how these crafts can contribute to economic growth. Mukherjee, P., & Ghosh, A. (2019) [2]. “Art and Sustainability: A Case Study of Tribal Crafts in Eastern India.” This article examines the longevity of tribal crafts in West Bengal, with a focus on the Sabar community. It examines the cultural, economic, and environmental significance of these traditional practices and proposes measures that can help preserve them. Roy, S. K. (2020) [3]. “Indigenous Crafts of West Bengal: A Documentation of Artistic Heritage.” This study employs ethnographic methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the craft traditions of the Sabar tribe. It also examines how knowledge is passed down from one generation to the next and why this is crucial for preserving culture. Chatterjee, B., & Banerjee, S. (2021). [4] “Craft Traditions of the Sabar Tribe: An Ethnographic Perspective.” This study uses ethnographic methods to offer a detailed analysis of the Sabar tribe’s craft traditions. It also explores how knowledge is passed down through generations and examines its significance for maintaining cultural continuity. “Handicrafts and Livelihood: The Case of Sabar Artisans in Purulia District.” This article examines how handicrafts enable the Sabar community in West Bengal to earn a living and combat poverty. Sen, A. (2022). [5] “Cultural Heritage of Tribal Communities: Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Sabar Crafts. This paper examines the cultural heritage of tribal groups in India, with a specific focus on the Sabar community. It explores how urbanization and globalization threaten their traditional crafts and discusses strategies for preserving and reviving them.

Abid, N., Ansari, M. R., & Haque, M. (2022). [6] Carried out a research study on ‘The Revival of the Tribal Community by the Concept of S.M.A.R.T. Village: A Case of the Sabar Tribe of Jharkhand, India.’ The study examines how the living standards of the Sabar tribe in Jharkhand can be improved and their culture preserved through the concept of the S.M.A.R.T. village. This method integrates sustainable housing, vocational training, and marketing using modern technology to aid the tribe’s traditional craft. By addressing their socioeconomic issues, the authors suggest engaging the tribe in planning and implementation to ensure it is culturally sensitive and successful in the long term. The project also encompasses renewable energy, waste management, and e-commerce, bringing modernized opportunities to the community. Ambitious as it is, the phased implementation, combined with the inclusion of education and healthcare, makes it a promising initiative, although its scalability and funding are key considerations.

Basu, M., & Dutta, K. (2023). [7] “Mapping the Traditional Crafts of Tribal Communities: A Focus on Sabar Artistry.” This study examines the traditional crafts of the Sabar community, highlighting their artistic techniques, motifs, and cultural significance. Bandyopadhyay S (2023). [8] The authors propose a framework for integrating these crafts into mainstream markets to increase their recognition and value.

Research Gap

The research on the traditional arts and crafts of the Sabar people illustrates the richness of their culture, but also indicates where further research is needed. Era_Ad (2023). [9] It fails to discuss in sufficient detail how to incorporate these crafts into schools or vocational training programs for the benefit of the community. A review of the literature reveals that there has not been a comprehensive study specifically examining the arts and crafts culture of the Sabar community in West Bengal, particularly how they sell their products and earn a living. Karak A, Gupta PKS (2024). [10] Thus, the researcher wishes to see more research conducted on these topics to fill these valuable gaps. Paramanik M, Nag G S (2021). [11]

To learn about and write about the traditional arts and crafts of the Sabar community in West Bengal, focusing on their unique techniques, materials, and cultural significance. The study also aims to determine whether incorporating community members into modern schools and vocational training programs can empower them. It will discuss some of the problems that Sabar artisans face, including social and economic issues, as well as those arising from modernization. It will also suggest ways to preserve their way of life,allowing them to maintain a meaningful and long-lasting income. The researcher examines and writes about the traditional arts and crafts of the Sabar community in West Bengal, focusing on their methods, materials, and cultural significance.

Researchers conducted a survey using a specific method and visited numerous Sabar villages in four districts of West Bengal: Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, and Jhargram. These areas are located within the ‘Jangal Mahal.’ The Sabar tribes mainly inhabit the areas of West Bengal.

The study encompasses all Sabar people residing in West Bengal. During the colonial era, the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 included them in the group of “criminal tribes.” They continue to face social stigma and isolation in today’s society (Bandyopadhyay, 2023). The researcher used semi-structured interviews and observation methods to gather information from 20 Sabar villages for the study.

The Sabars are a primitive tribal community. During the British period, they were classified as a criminal tribe and remained part of the backward classes. Their livelihood, traditions, and culture are very different from those of others. They earn a modest living by engaging in various arts and crafts throughout the year. These crafts are used in their daily work, and they often sell them in local markets to earn money. The following is a discussion about their arts and crafts:

A. Local lime production:

The Sabar people make lime using a unique method, similar to the way tobacco and colouring are used to decorate the mud walls. Usually, many oyster shells are gathered together and tied tightly to a wire. Then, a large straw is tied to the wire, and a long wire is attached to it. Then they go to an empty field, set fire to the straw, and start spinning the wire. As a result, the fire gradually spreads throughout the area. After spinning for half an hour, all the oyster shells are burned to ashes. Then they Take it home, tie it to a large tree leaf while it is hot, and leave it with sufficient water. After some time, it is crushed by hand and left again. Then, the shell turns into lime. However, they use it only for themselves and do not sell it in any way, which is usually used in construction work or other traditional work. Notably, this process is only for their use, and they do not sell it. Using local materials and traditional methods symbolizes their self-reliance and preservation of ancient techniques.

B. Bird’s trap:

Another unique bird hunting technique is the ‘Khancha’ (bird trap). First, they collect ‘Kashi’ or ‘Valki’ (types of small grass) made from bamboo and then weave them together to create a trap for catching birds, which they later eat.

C. Printing on mud wall:

The Sabar people are impoverished, but their wall paintings and culture are genuinely remarkable. They are generally found in buildings with mud walls that are adorned with various crafts. Each craft is associated with a specific event or aspect of life, such as hunting tools, weaponry, dances, and festivals.

The Sabar people are known for their distinctive art and craft talents. They decorate their homes by printing pictures on mud walls. They paint pictures on the walls of their dwellings using brown earth clays that they mix with other local materials. To begin, they will probably use all of the local items they can find to prepare a mixture that will be used to cover the walls. They then apply a thick layer of paint made from natural materials, such as plants or minerals, to the surface. Patterns, logos, and pictures that reveal how they live, what they believe, and where they reside are typical in these designs. The images are painted on the walls by hand with brushes made from twigs, branches, or even hands.

This almost extinct practice is used not only to beautify homes but also to communicate with its people. It is important to them, including their history and link with nature. The Sabar community’s method of practicing granite painting has been in existence for ages and has served as a key identifier for the community.

D. Dhokra Art:

The Sabar tribe is another important group that helps preserve Dhokra art. It is a tribe in West Bengal, and for years, individuals have passed these complicated skills on to the next generation. The Sabar community makes a living by doing traditional arts and crafts. They demonstrate their deep connection to nature and rich cultural heritage. The Sabar change these customs all the time to fit their requirements, yet they keep the core of their traditions. The Sabar people create various Dhokra art pieces using items they find in the forest and nature. Metal goods are one of the primary ways they generate income by selling items in the market. Their Dhokra art encompasses a diverse range of metal sculptures, including idols of Durga, as well as animals and birds.

In addition to the Arts and Crafts listed above, the Sabar people in this town create a wide range of other art pieces, which they sell in the market to generate income.

a. Bamboo Craft: The Lodha Sabar are skilled in creating items from bamboo, including baskets, mats, and musical instruments. They also build their dwellings and other buildings out of bamboo.

b. Wood Carving: This traditional craft in the community produces ornamental pieces and home accessories. They carve detailed patterns of people in the woods.

c. The Lodha Sabar has a long history of manufacturing pottery. They used clay from nearby sources to create pots, jars, and other containers, often featuring basic geometric patterns.

d. Musical Instruments: The community has a rich history of making music, and its members craft a diverse range of instruments, including drums, flutes, and string instruments. Most of these instruments are composed of wood, bamboo, and animal leather.

However, most traditional arts and crafts are struggling due to industrialization and changing lifestyles. There are still initiatives to protect and promote these important cultural practices.

The study takes a close look at the traditional arts and crafts of the Sabar community in West Bengal, uncovering several important insights:

a. Handicraft Diversity: The Sabar tribe showcases exceptional skills across a variety of traditional crafts, such as lime making, bird catching, mud wall painting, Dhokra art, bamboo crafting, wood carving, pottery, and musical instrument creation. These handicrafts not only showcase their creativity but also reflect their deep ties to cultural and ecological practices.

b. Cultural Significance: Sabar mud-wall paintings and Dhokra sculptures are not merely decorative showpieces; they carry intricate stories and are vital for preserving their cultural heritage. Each artwork reflects snippets of history, traditions, and the daily hustle of the people.

c. Sustainability: The Sabars create their beautiful art by hand, using nothing but local clay, metal, and natural plant dyes. This age-old craft not only protects our environment but also aligns with the worldwide effort to preserve our traditional arts while addressing today’s ecological challenges.

d. Economic Role: While many of these crafts are made for personal enjoyment, Dhokra sculptures and bamboo crafts find their way into local markets, providing some income. However, economic barriers mean that the commercial aspect of these crafts remains relatively limited.

e. Challenges: The threats posed by modernization, social stigma, and economic difficulties are pretty profound for the survival of these time-honoured practices. The community struggles to adapt to changing societal norms while preserving its cultural identity.

Identification of Sabar arts and crafts:

Table 1: Arts and Crafts associated with the Sabar community.

Artisan Education and Sabar Arts and Crafts in the B.Ed. Curriculum in West Bengal

In the Indian education system, art education is quite a big deal, so you will find that most syllabi focus on it. It is crucial for passing down our rich cultural heritage to the younger generations and sparking creativity and innovation. Our indigenous communities have created art forms rooted in nature that uplift both health and society. Take the Sabar tribes, for instance; they possess remarkable skills in crafting a wide range of materials for everyday use—the B.Ed. The Curriculum in West Bengal has notably embraced this aspect. Here are the key areas of the curriculum.

Table 2: Curricular arts, where Sabar arts and crafts can be incorporated with the teacher education curriculum.

The Sabar community’s rich cultural heritage is embodied in traditional arts and crafts, which serve as a testament to their inventiveness and resilience, with a strong connection to Mother Earth. They continue to provide a window into indigenous knowledge and sustainable practices, despite being threatened by the modernization wave. This legacy must be documented, promoted, and integrated into larger markets. Economic growth and cultural continuity can result from their empowerment through education, sustainable development initiatives, and artistic recognition. One way to respect the Sabar heritage and contribute to the global fabric of cultural diversity is to preserve their crafts. In this recent juncture, identifying indigenous crafts is of utmost importance because it enables us to protect and promote indigenous arts in our contemporary education. Art-integrated education is essential in this juncture. Our National Education Policy (2020) also emphasizes art-integrated education and art-based learning to make education more engaging and meaningful.

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