Open Access Research Article

Initial Yield Surface of Shape Memory Alloy in Stress Induced Martensitic Phase Transformation

JJ Zhu1*,WM Huang2, and KM Liew3

1School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuyi University, China

2School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

3Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering , City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Corresponding Author

Received Date: August 28, 2018;  Published Date: September 24, 2018

Abstract

Based on the critical conditions for nucleation and the actual eigenstrain of a given shape memory alloy in the stress induced martensitic phase transformation, the closed-form expression of its corresponding initial yield (nucleation) surface is obtained. Consequently, the underline mechanism for non-symmetry in the stress vs. strain relationship between uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression experimentally observed in many SMAs is revealed. Unlike that in many traditional criteria, such as the Von Mises and Tresca criteria, in which the yield surfaces are functions of stress only, the yield surface derived here is closely related to the crystal structures before and after the phase transformation. The initial yield surface of a polycrystalline CuZnAl shape memory alloy tube under combined loading of tension and torsion predicted by the formula developed here agrees well with the experimental results reported in the literature.

Keywords: Shape memory alloy; Phase transformation; Microstructure; Yield surface

Introduction

The thermomechanism behind shape memory phenomenon in Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is a significant amount of shear strain upon phase transformation. It is well known that such phase transformation can be induced either by temperature (known as thermally induced phase transformation) or by stress (stress induced phase transformation). As a result of this unique shape memory behavior, SMAs have been used in various applications for some years [1].

So far, there are still a few questions on the behavior of SMA waiting to be solved. Asymmetry in tension and compression of SMAs is one among others [2-7]. Experiments under combined loads of tension and torsion have been carried out on NiTi [8] and CuZnAl [9]. From these tests, it is observed that, in general, the yield (transformation start stress in stress induced phase transformation) surface of SMA cannot be described either by Von Mises criterion or by Tresca criterion. Therefore, it turns to be an interesting phenomenon for further investigation.

In this paper, based on the critical condition of nucleation and corresponding eigenstrain in austenite to martensite phase transformation, the initial yield surface of SMA is investigated. The resulting yield surface of polycrystalline CuZnAl (in tube shape) under combining tension and torsion loads is compared with the experimental result reported in the literature.

Phase Transformation Eigen-strain and Critical Condition for Nucleation

It is assumed here that the austenite finish temperature of a polycrystalline SMA is Af . In the absence of external stress, at temperature T (T > Af ) this SMA is 100% austenite. Provided that a stress state Σ is applied on it and then gradually increased. As long as Σ reaches a certain level, stress induced phase transformation starts. This is called nucleation in material science. The resulting martensite is known as martensite Habit Plane Variant (HPV).

In some SMAs, for instance, CuZnAl, the martensite HPV is Lattice Correspondence Variant (LCV). But in some other SMAs, such as NiTi and CuAlNi, HPV is formed by a pair of twinned LCVs. Readers may refer to reference by Saburi and Nenno [10] for details of the relation among martensite variant, HPV and LCV.

Let us take a Representative Volume Element (RVE) from this polycrystalline SMA. Assume that this RVE includes N grains. Under a given stress state Σ , in grain k (1 ≤ k ≤ N ), up to 24 martensite HPV may be produced. Provided that the phase transformation eigenstrain of l th martensite HPV ( 1 ≤ l ≤ 24) is given by irispublishers-openaccess-engineering-sciences, the work done by external stress to produce this martensite HPV may be expressed as [11]

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Therefore, the thermodynamic driving force (Π) can be written as

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Here, U(T) is the thermodynamic driving force due to chemical free energy and interaction energy etc. In the literature, U(T) are presented in slightly different forms [12-28]. Despite the difference, the fact is that U(T) depends only on temperature T and volume fraction of martensite variant (but not on applied stress Σ ). Well known Clausius-Clapyron equation [11,29,30] can be derived from Equation (2). Thus, at a given temperature T, the condition for nucleation is given by

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An equivalent form may be written as

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Recall previous assumption, this SMA is initially pure austenite. The surface of nucleation stress is termed initial yield surface in this paper. If yield just starts (nucleation), only one martensite HPV is induced. Thus, the nucleation criterion may be written as

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where the maximum is over all possible phase transformation eigenstrains of martensite HPV, i.e., overall k (1 ≤ k ≤ N ) and l ( 1 ≤ l ≤ 24 ). Equation (5) can be reduced to

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Equations similar to Eqs. (2) & (6) have been applied in studies on both single crystalline and polycrystalline SMAs. To name a few, papers [31-36] are based on similar principle.

In martensite phase transformation, deformation of habit plane variants may be shown as Figure 1, where n is normal vector of habit plane, and b is shape strain vector. In general, the transformation eigenstrain of SMA includes not only shear deformation, but also a small dilatation. Therefore, shape strain vector b is normally not perpendicular to unit normal vector of habit plane n . Decompose vector b into two parts: one is in n direction, and the other is vertical to n , i.e.,

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It is known that both g and ε depend only on lattice parameters (i.e. microstructures) of austenite and martensite, but not on the orientation of martensite HPV. Suppose that the deformation of martensite HPV is F , then

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in which I is identity tensor. The right Cauchy-Green strain tensor of martensite HPV is given by (Ball and James 1987)

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The phase transformation eigenstrain of martensite HPV may be written as

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Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (10) yield

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From Eq. (7)

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Substituting Eq. (12) into Eq. (11) yields

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Substituting Eq. (7) into Eq. (13) yield

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Let

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and

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Eq. (14)-(16) yield

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It is noted that in Eqs. (11), (13) or (17), the second term is nonlinear term. In previous literatures [12,18] among others, it is believed that the nonlinear terms can be ignored, thus Eq. (13) reduce to

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Or equivalently Eq. (16) reduce to

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From the point view of calculation, the approximate value of Eigen-strain phase transformation, Eq. (18) is acceptable. In present paper, we focused on the shape of yield surface, as we will see late, yield surface is sensitive on parameter Θ, thus the nonlinear term of phase transformation eigen-strain plays an important ruler in yield surface, ignore nonlinear terms may result in a wrong yield surface. In some of literature [34,35] the work done by external stress is calculated by

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In fact, from Eq. (18) we also obtain

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It is apparently that (F - I) is not frame independent (i.e. it is not a tenser), thus, it cannot be taken as strain measurement. In both of above two approximate calculations, the nonlinear terms are ignored. It may result in a wrong yield surface.

The maximum of Eq. (6) is over all possible pairs of n and m (n2 = 1, m2 = 1 and n ⋅m = 0 ). Substituting Eq. (17) into Eq. (6), the nucleation condition becomes

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Subsequently,

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If taking rectangular Cartesian coordinate system o − e1 e2 e3 along the directions of principal stresses σ12and σ3, (σ1 ≥σ2≥σ3 then

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Let

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and

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From Eqs. (23)-(26)

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where n and m satisfy the following conditions,

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From Eqs. (27)-(30)

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Define

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It is apparent that to find the maximum of Π is equivalent to find the maximum of W , and also equivalent to find the maximum of Λ .

Define

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From Eqs. (31)-(34)

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Hence, the original problem turns to find the maximum of Eq. (35) under the constrain conditions given by Eqs. (28)-(30). Introduce Lagrange multiply fractions λ1, 2λ, 3λ and

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The condition for maximum Γ is

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i.e.,

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By solving simultaneous Eqs. (28)-(30) & (38)-(40), and substituting the solution into Eq. (36), the maximum Γ can be obtained.

Let

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It can be proved that the maximum value of Γ does not exist, if any two of A , B and C are non-singular.

For instance, if detA ≠ 0 and detB ≠ 0 , Eqs. (38) & (39) give

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From Eqs. (29) & (30)

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It is apparent that Eqs. (44) & (45) cannot result in the maximum Γ .

Maximum Λ

From the discussion above, we know that there are four possible ways to get maximum Λ , i.e. A, B, and C are all singular, or only one of A, B and C is non-singular. All these four cases are studied in following four subsections respectively.

Matrixes A , B and C are all singular

In this case,

det A = det B = det C = 0 (46)

By substituting Eqs. (41)-(43) into Eq. (46), one can see that if Eq. (46) has solution, either α = 1 or α = 0 . In both cases

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From Eqs. (47) and (38)-(40)

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If α = 1: From Eq. (48), Eqs. (28)-(30) yield
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Re-writing the second formula of Eq. (49) gives

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Subsequently the first formula in Eq. (49) becomes

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and the third formula in Eq. (49) turns to be

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Hence, the results of Eq. (52) are

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Substituting Eqs. (48) & (50) into Eq. (35) yields

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Substituting x = x1 into Eq. (54) yields

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Substituting x = x2 into Eq. (54) yields

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It is noticed that Λ2 > Λ1. Thus, the maximum Λ is

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If α = 0 : According to Eq. (48), Eqs. (28)-(30) can be re-written as
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The second formula in Eq. (58) may be rewritten as

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Therefore, the first formula in Eq. (58) becomes

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and the third formula in Eq. (58) is

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The results of Eq. (61) are

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Substituting Eqs. (48) & (59) into Eq. (35) gives

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Substituting of y = y1 into Eq. (54) gives

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Substituting of y = y2 into Eq. (54) gives

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As Λ2 > Λ1 , the maximum Λ is

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This is same as Eq. (57). So the maximum Λ for both α = 0 and α = 1 is

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Matrix is non-singular

In this case both B and C are singular, but

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From Eqs. (68) & (38)

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Equation (35) becomes

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From

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λ1a and λ2 may be presented as functions of λ3

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Substituting Eq. (72) into Eqs. (39)-(40) yields

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Substituting Eqs. (69) & (73) into Eqs. (28)-(30) yields

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Solving Eq. (74) results in the following eight groups of solution for variables n2 ,n3 and λ3

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and

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Using Eqs. (73), (75) & (76), m2 and m3 can be solved. Substituting these eight groups of solution one by one into Eq. (70), and then comparing them, the maximum Λ is obtained as

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Matrix B is non-singular

In this case both A and C are singular, but

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Eqs. (78) & (39) yields

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Equation (35) becomes

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Since

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one may express λ1 and λ2as functions of λ3, i.e.,

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Substituting Eq. (82) into Eqs. (38) & (40) yields

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Substituting Eqs. (79) & (83) into Eqs. (28)-(30) yields

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Eight groups of solution for variables n1,n3 and λ3 are resulted from Eq. (84). There are

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and

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m1 and mn3 can be solved from Eq. (83). Substituting these eight groups of solution one after another into Eq. (80), we get the maximum Λ as

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Matrix C is non-singular

In this case, both A and B are singular, but

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From Eqs. (88) & (40), we obtain

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As

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λ1 and λ2 can be expressed as functions of λ3 ,

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Substituting Eq. (91) into Eqs. (38)-(39) yields

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Substituting Eqs. (79) & (83) into Eqs. (28)-(30) yields

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By solving Eq. (93), eight groups of n1, n2 and λ3 are resulted. They are

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From Eq. (92), m1 and m2 are obtained. Substituting these eight groups into Eq. (35), the maximum of Λ is given by

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Yield Surface

As shown previously, if α = 1 or α = 0 ,

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On the other hand, if α ≠ 1 and α ≠ 0 , according to Eqs. (77), (87) & (96)

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Therefore, for whatever the case,

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It is surprising to see that Λmax has nothing to do with α. It means that Λmax is independent on the applied load.

From Eq. (32), we haveM

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Substituting Eq. (34) and Eq. (99) into Eq. (100) we have

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Since the nucleation condition is given by

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i.e. the yield criterion reads

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Denote

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then Eq. (103) may be expressed as

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Denote

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then, Eq. (105) can be written as

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If ε = 0 (i.e. no dilation), Eq. (16) becomes

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Substituting Eq. (107) into Eq. (106) we have

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Notice that g2 << 1, thus κ ≈ 0 . If κ = 0 then Eq. (107) is reduced to

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This is Tresca criterion.

We can express the resolved shear stress as

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If ε = 0, by substituting Eq. (23) into Eq. (6), Eq. (6) reduces to

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Equation (98) is in a similar form as Schmid law [37]. It indicates that Tresca criterion that is empirical in nature can be derived from Schmid law.

Let

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Equation (108) may be expressed in terms of σ0 and α as

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where 0 <α < 1 and σ1≥σ2≥σ3.

In order to obtain a complete yield surface, the whole principal stress space is divided into six sections as shown in Figure 2. By swapping the positions of σ1, σ2 and σ3 , the yield surfaces in other five sections can be produced from yield surface in one section that is available.

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Case Study

The case studied here is CuZnAl polycrystal. The transformation is from cubic to monoclinic ( DO3 →6M ). Its lattice parameters are measured by Chakravorty & Wayman [38] as a0 = 0.5996 (nm ) , a = 0.4553 (nm ), b = 0.5452 (nm ), c = 3.8977 (nm ), and θ = 87.5o . The phase transformation eigenstrains have been calculated in literature [21,26,39,40]. Unit normal vector of habit plane n and shape strain vector b have been calculated in reference paper [21,26] based on Eqs. (14) & (15). They are

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where

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From Eq. (7) we have

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and

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Substituting Eqs. (115)-(116) into Eqs. (118) & (119) result in ε = -0.0036 and g = 0.1866 . Substituting g and ε into Eq. (16), we have Θ = 0.0138 , From Eqs. (34), we have μ = 0.074 . From Eq. (106), we have κ = 0.1378 .

Yield surface can be produced by substituting the value of κ into Eq. (107). Resulting yield surface against Treseca yield surface is shown in Figure 3.

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From Eq. (103) it is known that if Θ = 0 , the yield surface reduces to Treseca yield surface. The non-symmetry of materials in tension and compression is dependent upon the difference between real yield surface and Treseca yield surface, therefore it sensitively relates with parameter Θ . From Eq. (16) it is known that Θ contain two parts, first part ε result from volume variation during phase transformation, and second part result from nonlinear property of phase transformation Eigen-strain. Numerical calculation shows that nonlinear term of phase transformation Eigen-strain sometime may large than volume variation during phase transformation. Thus, it cannot be ignored.

It is noticed that, if Θ ≠ 0 , the size of yield surface projected in π -plane depends on the hydraulic press σ0. Yield surface of CuZnAl in biaxial stress (σ2 = 0) plane is plotted in Figure 4. The numerical result is obtained by using the scheme proposed in reference paper [34]. 29791 grains are used in the calculation. And the transformation strain in numerical study is calculated by (UTU − I)/ 2 instead of (F − I). Here, U is taken from reference paper [39].

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The yield strength of a thin polycrystalline CuZnAl round tube under combining tension and torsion loads has been tested and reported in reference paper [9]. Let σ stands for extension stress and τ for shear stress. The corresponding principal stresses are

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Substituting Eq. (120) into Eq. (107), the initial yield surface becomes

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If κ = 0 , Eq. (121) turns to be Tresca yield surface,

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On the other hand, standard Von Mises yield surface is given by

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The yield surfaces by Eqs. (121)-(123) are plotted against the experimental results in Figure 5. As we can see, except one point which corresponding to pure torsion, the proposed surface is closer to the testing result than other surfaces.

Conclusion

Based on the critical condition for nucleation and eigenstrain in stress induced martensitic transformation, the initial yield (nucleation) surface of SMA is derived. A simple close form solution is given. This method provides not only a simple way to explain the non-symmetry in tension and compression of many SMAs, but also a convenient way to predict the yield surface of SMA. The result differs from tradition criterion, such as Von Mises and Tresca, in two aspects. First, it is in terms of not only stress but also parameters of microstructure. Second, it is solely derived from crystal parameters. It shows a clear and strong relationship between crystalline structure and yield surface. Yield surface not only dependent up volume variation but also dependent upon nonlinear term of shear deformation. The resulting initial yield surface of CuZnAl thin tube under tension plus torsion load agrees well with the experimental result reported in the literature.

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