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Open Access Review Article

Secondary and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis and Ascites

Djurkov V1, Kiprin G1* and Krastev N2

1Ward of Gastroenterology, University Hospital “Eurohospital”, Medical University, Bulgaria

2Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital “St. George”, Bulgaria

Corresponding Author

Received Date: September 08, 2020;  Published Date: October 02, 2020

Introduction

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the main cause of death in patients with liver cirrhosis. SBP is a disease of the gut – after bacterial translocation of monomicrobial flora in mesenteric lymph nodes, while secondary bacterial peritonitis (SecBP) is due to an intra-abdominal source of infection – perforation or inflammation. Peritonitis in liver cirrhosis is classified as spontaneous, secondary and perforative. The frequency of SBP is ~10% of all hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and ascites, while the frequency of SecBP is ~5%, therefore SecBP reports are few. The treatment of SBP is conducted with drugs, while SecBP is treated preferably surgically. While the mortality from SBP nowadays has decreased from 90% to 20%, in SecBP it remains high (60-80%). There are three clinical forms of SBP – latent (10%), classical and fulminant (5%). The oligosymptomatic clinical form of SBP and the culture-negative neutrophilic ascites (CNNA) are the most common forms of contemporary ongoing SBP. Today SBP can be observed in half of the patients with cirrhosis in class B. Peritonitis in Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis is probably secondary. IAC (International Ascites Club) recommends the SBP diagnosis to be taken in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) in ascitic fluid >250/mm3 regardless of the result of bacterial cultures. Leucocytes /and ascitic fluid total protein (AFTP)/ increase in ascitic fluid after diuretic treatment, but not the PMNs. In patients with AFTP<10g/L the risk of SBP increases tenfold /decreased opsonic activity of ascitic fluid/. The ascitic bacterial cultures in SBP are rarely positive. At present, half of the episodes of SBP are caused by gram-positive bacteria. Blood cultures should be performed in all patients with suspected SBP. Bacterioscites (5%) does not need treatment, but monitoring, if there are no clinical symptoms and signs of systemic inflammation or infection. SecBP should be suspected in patients who have localized abdominal symptoms or signs, presence of multiple microorganisms (aerobes and anaerobes) in ascitic culture, very high ascitic neutrophil count and high ascitic total protein concentration. A SecBP should be suspected when at least two of the following features are present in ascitic fluid: glucose levels <50mg/dL, protein concentration >10g/L, lactic dehydrogenase concentration > normal serum levels. Due to the low sensitivity and specificity of these criteria for SecBP, examination of alkaline phosphatase (>225U/L) and carcinoembryonic antigen (>5ng/ml) in ascites are recommended /Runyon’s criteria/. Patients with suspected SecBP should undergo CT.

Keywords: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; Secondary bacterial peritonitis; Classification of peritonitis in liver cirrhosis; Ascitic fluid

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