Total Reconstruction of the Upper Lip Using Bilateral Modified Gillies Fan Flaps following Complete Resection for Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Sleep disorders, mental disorders, and diabetes are among the most important contributors to the global burden of disease. Sleep deprivation occurs in more than one-third of the population of society and is associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and psychiatric disorders [1,2]. Diabetes, for instance, has been connected to sleep and psychiatric disorders, with up to 40% of diabetes patients being affected by insomnia or sleep disturbances [3]. value is determined by the fact that these disorders are mutually reinforcing and create a vicious cycle that reduces lifespans and overall well-being. This means that alleviating these conditions needs new therapeutic models that can impact multiple molecular signals. Nanomedicine has become an astounding discovery in the field of health care, with nanoscale materials being used beneficially in drug delivery systems. Among the transition metallic NPs, silver and cobalt NPs have emerged as potential therapeutic agents because of their multiple biological activities.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in order to cure infection, chronic inflammation, and neurological diseases [4,5]. Cobalt nanoparticles, or CoNPs, have therapeutic applications, including enhancement of oxygen metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and glucose [6,7]. Altogether there are several possibilities of these one-and-the-same nanoparticles changing the treatment of sleep disorders, mental health disorders, or even diabetes. The investigation of the use of silver and cobalt nanoparticles in therapy is a rapidly developing area. AgNPs have been employed in health care products, including the use in medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and dressings on wounds, and CoNPs for use in metabolic balance as well as neurodegenerative diseases [8,9]. Moreover, nanotechnology has enhanced the autonomy of treatment, using nanoparticles for personalized treatment considering unique requirements of each patient.

These innovations look at how nanotechnology can be embraced in the normal provision of health care as it seeks to solve the problems arising from chronic diseases. However, the metallic nanoparticles also have some limitations, such as toxicity, biocompatibility, and effect on the environment [10,11]. AgINPs and CoNPs have been proved to induce oxidative stress, organ impairment, and bioaccumulation levels in various animals [12,13]. Current legislation regarding the usage of nanoparticles for safe and effective treatment is still under development; hence the need for more research to guide the development of standard protocols for using nanoparticles in health facilities [14]. This review synthesizes current research findings related to silver and cobalt nanoparticles and their use in sleep, mental health, and diabetes.

Common conditions, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome, are widespread and disrupt both the physical and the emotional well-being of an individual [3]. The leading sleep disorder is insomnia that results in fatigue, cognitive impairment, and mood swings; then the probability of developing anxiety and depression rises [15]. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which is defined by repeated intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep, is associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disease, with type 2 diabetes. The effects of chronic sleep loss consist in the alteration of insulin sensitivity and food intake, due to the unbalance between leptin and ghrelin, thus promoting obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Glycemic control becomes challenging when patients complain of sleep disturbances resulting from nocturnal polyuria, diabetic neuropathy, or obstructive sleep apnoea.

This is because many mental health ailments, for instance, anxiety and depression, widen sleep disorders that consequently have a detrimental impact on people’s health status. This paper underlines that sleep disorders and diabetes comorbidity and their interaction with mental health processes should be treated in an integrative paradigm. Treating one condition does not necessarily mean addressing the other, but without treatment of sleep problems, mental health cannot be remedied, and glycemic control is compromised. These interconnected conditions can be addressed by nanotechnology, where there are possibilities of employing nanomaterials that can hit multiple biological targets synchronously [16]. In this regard, silver and cobalt nanoparticles are of much interest here. Due to their disputed anti-inflammatory properties, AgNPs have been employed in the devices used to treat sleep apnea to remove microbial infection and inflammation. CoNPs improve oxygen availability, which can help to ameliorate the condition of individuals with sleep apnea, as well as regulate the activity of neurotransmitters to improve mood and cognitive function (Table 1).

Table 1: Key Sleep Disorders and Their Impact on Mental Health and Diabetes.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have recently benefited from a lot of considerations in nanomedicine resulting from the several therapeutic actions, which include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In sleep medicine, AgNPs have a vital purpose of enhancing sleep quality by minimizing inflammation and microbial intrusion that affects the respiratory instruments such as the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines used to manage obstructive sleep apnoea. It was also determined that most CPAP devices are contaminated with microbial growth that can cause respiratory infections in sleep apnea patients. It highlights the ability of the incorporation of these devices with AgNPs to enable microbial control facilitation and hygiene, thus improving uninterrupted sleep. In addition, AgNPs have crept into wearable devices, such as sleep trackers and smart garments that offer minimal skin inflammation and redness. Sleepwear textiles coated with AgNP have potential in enhancing sleep by mitigating allergic effects that hinder rest. These applications demonstrate a role for AgNPs in managing sleep hygiene as well as improving sleep quality in such chronic sleep-deprived disorders.

Besides sleep disorders, AgNPs have potential therapeutic effects on mental health disorders, of which anxiety and depression disorders are within their radar. Mood disorders involve oxidative stress and neuroinflammation; therefore, AgNPs’ antioxidant capabilities reduce oxidative stress. In brain functions, AgNPs affect the concentration of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, which has to do with mood. It makes them as good subjects for future treatments of disorders like anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric ailments. Additionally, findings from animal research showed that AgNPs can help enhance learning ability and memory in addition to improving cognitive structure, giving the nanoparticles more uses in mental health treatment [17]. The use of AgNPs has several advantages in managing diabetes, as will be discussed in the following subsections. It improves insulin secretion, lessens oxidative stress, and affords relative safety to pancreatic β-cells at supraphysiological levels of glucose. The antibiotic property of AgNPs has also been used in the creation of dressings used in the treatment of diabetic wounds, a type of dressing that heals faster than the normal type, has lower contraction rates of infection, and promotes tissue generation [18]. Due to its ability to regulate metabolism and promote wound healing, AgNPs can be used in the management of diabetes. Currently there is evidence of the application of AgNPs in the treatment of diabetic complications, including neuropathy and diabetic foot ulcers, and the results have shown improvement in patient’s symptoms.

Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) are pathbreaking as they are involved in oxygen metabolism and neurotransmission and glucose control [19,20]. Such properties qualify them for the management of sleep disorders, metabolic syndromes, and mental disorders. It is crucial for CoNPs to enhance oxygen supply capabilities since sleep apnea patients would benefit from it. CoNPs increase oxygen transport in the blood; they overcome the manifestations of the obstructive sleep apnea, improving the quality of sleep and decreasing the possibilities of cardiovascular complications caused by this disorder [21]. Besides using it for sleep disorders, CoNPs revealed impressive neuroprotective activity, mainly regulating dopamine synthesis. Dopamine is one of the brain’s neurotransmitters that influence mood and cognition, and low levels or high levels of dopamine have been linked to depression and neurodegenerative diseases. CoNPs facilitate the production of dopamine, which may be used in depression, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease. First indications showed that CoNPs also keep the progression of Alzheimer’s disease at bay- a condition associated with sleep disorders and cognitive impairment.

Exploring the CoNPs concept in diabetes shows that it provides important metabolic priorities. They stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells, increase glucose utilization, and decrease oxidative stress, thus glycemic control. For instance, Cinnamon CoNPs given orally have been found to prevent or control diabetes because they alleviate insulin resistance in experimental type 2 diabetic animals. Concurrently, CoNPs have been incorporated into advanced wound dressing platforms for patients with diabetes that induce vasculogenesis and tissue repair, thereby protecting the patient from opportunistic infections and amputations. Because of these multiple functions, CoNPs may become the basis for future therapies for diabetes and its complications. Nevertheless, risks are signified when employing CoNPs, which are discussed in the subsequent section. Cobalt has been reported to cause oxyradical stress, organ injury, and hematology change when administrated in high doses, and thus there is a potential inconsistency safety issue about the CoNPs if continuously consumed by people in the long-term future. Request to reduce these risks; attempts are being made towards getting the right size, coating, and dosing of CoNPs to enable safe application in clinical practice.

The figure depicts how AgNPs and CoNPs cause sleep disruptions by forbidding endocrine and hormonal controls. The pathophysiological roles of AgNPs include inflammation inhibition and oxidative stress, which boost melatonin synthesis, a hormone that controls sleep. Higher levels of melatonin promote sleep and also regulate one’s biological clock, whereas lower stress hormone cortisol also contributes positively to sleep quality [22]. On the other hand, CoNPs have their roles observed by modulating circadian rhythm and synthesis of neurotransmitter through the Vitamin B12 pathway for mood swing balance and allayed stress. Synergistically, both AgNPs and CoNPs act on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in cortisol regulation, decreasing stress and providing relaxation. Also, gating opens the pineal gland to release melatonin, which strengthens sleep wakefulness cycles and thus sleeping. Thus, these nanoparticles improve sleep quality and decrease the level of insomnia and stress-related issues that could be used for the therapy of sleep disorders.

Such an integrated concept summarizes the interaction between oxidative stress, hormone level, and circadian rhythm, explaining how these suppressive nanoparticles affect the functioning of AgNPs and CoNPs to enhance global mental health and sleep cycle (Figure 1). A flowchart is used herein to depict how the respective pathways of AgNPs and CoNPs influence mental health through the endocrine system and hormonal balance. Therefore, it has been understood that AgNPs offered anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant properties as well, which are responsible for neuro prolongation through the prevention of cell death in the brain. Such actions increase the secretion of serotonin-a hormone that modulates the mood in the body. In like manner, CoNPs help to maintain positive mental health by synching the biological clock and participating in neurotransmitter production via Vitamin B12 biosynthesis. These nano constructs augment the synthesis of melatonin to regulate sleep and decrease stress through lowering cortisol concentrations. These changes in hormones are controlled through the HPA axis, and the stress system is essential to regulating stress.